Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research - Essay Example The question has been studied by people such as Carl Rogers, Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. These men put together theoretical models that were intended to demonstrate how our personalities might develop within the often conflicting and always interacting elements of our internal and external structure. Among these models, though, Carl Jung developed a relatively uncomplicated approach on which many of the personality theories today have been based. Originally building his research off of the ideas of Sigmund Freud, who was his mentor for a while, Jung proposed that the personality was comprised of the interaction among four essential factors that related to the way in which a person gathers information and then how that person processes the information gathered. â€Å"Carl Jungs psychological theory fundamentally underpins most of the popular and highly regarded personality systems today† (Chapman, 2010), but it has not gone untouched. Following in his footsteps as well as they could, Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed his ideas further to create a strong personality test that types people into one of 16 possible personalities (Carroll, 2009). The test found at 41 Questions did not provide the kind of four letter results I expected after doing research on personality theory and personality testing, but I was surprised at the accuracy of the results. What Jung discovered in his research was that people basically have two functions in their lives. First, they have to take in information from around them through their five senses – hearing, sight, taste, touch and smell. Next, they have to make decisions about these things and what they mean. After he identified these functions, Jung then determined that there are two ways in which we might approach each of these functions. While taking in information, we rely to varying degrees on

Ethics in the journalism Essay Example for Free

Ethics in the journalism Essay Ethics in the journalism sector is not a new issue of debate. Journalism ethics has been described as a dysfunctional ethical discourse by Iggers (as cited by Mccabe, 1999). The role of media is always very important in manufacturing the consent of people and develops a view regarding any particular issue. However the way news is collected, compiled and presented is always a question of debate. Citizens get the information regarding the social problems. The media has the capacity to bring the change. The traditional media is based on the maturity of the information, published news and different other subjects. Media has moved from its traditional role of observer to the change agent within the society (Mccabe, 1999, p. 199). The role of technology in media presentation has been very crucial in the recent past. The information is available easily on the website. â€Å"The Internet blurs traditional categories like professional versus amateur, published versus unpublished, and public versus private. Existing rules for the ethical conduct of human subjects research that rely on these categories are thus difficult to extend to this new medium. † (Bruckman, n. d. ) Information available on the various websites makes it convenient and handy. However, the reliability of information available at this source is questionable. The referencing of the sources from which information has been obtained and how the credit has been given is always important in order to maintain the ethical standards of the journalism in this internet age.

John Smith and William Bradford :: essays research papers

John Smith and William Bradford were both leaders who established colonies. They both established a colony and they attempted to attract settlers with writings. Their writings were intended for different audiences and they both had different purposes. John Smith's writings were different than William Bradford's. John Smith had a different purpose and his writings were intended for a different audience. John Smith's purpose was to bring people to the new world. He wrote a pamphlet to the people in England and told about all the good things about New England. In his pamphlet he tried to persuade people to join him in the new land. John Smith wrote about how he promised New England was better than England. John Smith's audience was intended for people from England, and possible settlers. John Smith said, "What pleasure can be more than in planting vines, fruits, or herbs, in contriving their own grounds to the pleasure of their own minds, their fields, gardens, orchards, buildings, ships, and other works†¦." William Bradford's writings were intended for different audiences and he had a different purpose than John Smith. William Bradford's audience was intended for the future generation. His writings were intended for the future generation. He wrote a diary about his actual experiences in Colonial America. Bradford discussed in his diary about the many hardships he faced. Bradford said, "But that which was most sad and lamentable was, that in two or three months' time half of their company died†¦" Though Bradford talked about the bad things, he also talked about the goods things that occurred during the first Thanksgiving. William Bradford said, "And besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides

The Effectiveness of Medical Marijuana Essay -- Drugs

Marijuana, also commonly referred to as pot, weed, cannabis, or a variety of other names, has been cultivated as early as 4000B.C. in China, from the hemp plant cannabis sativa (Miller, 2012). There have been reports of it being used for medicinal purposes dating as far back as 1500B.C. (ProCon.org, 2012a). Although cannabis contains a variety of different chemicals, the main, and most understood, ingredient is THC, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The amount of THC in marijuana determines the drug’s strength and can be affected by the growing conditions. Marijuana is usually smoked by being rolled into â€Å"blunts† or â€Å"joints† or by being smoked through a pipe or bong. The difference between blunts and joints is that joints are rolled in cigarette paper, while blunts are wrapped in a cigar shell. Smoking is not the only route of administration. Often times marijuana is baked into brownies or other baked goods. Marijuana, in the form of baked goods, has become very widely used, so much in fact, that some high schools banned students from bringing baked goods from home (Villarosa, 2012). The legality of use of marijuana for recreational as well as medicinal purposes has been a controversial issue for a long time, dating as far back as 1913, and still remains a controversial issue today (Gieringer, 1999). So far, 16 states and Washington DC legalized the use of marijuana for medical purposes, and 18 states are still pending legalization (ProCon.org, 2012b). Some major reasons why legalization of marijuana remains such a controversial issue is because of its previous advertisement as a drug that will cause you to be committed to a mental asylum and also the potential harmful side effects. A review of the FDA Adverse Events from 1... ...rce.php?resourceID=000145 ProCon.org. (2012a, March 8). Historical Timeline. MedicalMarijuana.ProCon.org. Retrieved from http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000143 ProCon.org. (2012b, March 9). 18 States with Pending Legislation to Legalize Medical Marijuana. MedicalMarijuana.ProCon.org. Retrieved from http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=002481 Solowij, N., Stephens, R., Roffman, R., Babor, T., Kadden, R., Miller, M., & ... Vendetti, J. (2002). Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA: The Journal Of The American Medical Association, 287(9), 1123- 1131. Villarosa, L. (2012). Brooklyn Tech Students Broiling Mad over Baked Goods Ban. The Local. Retrieved from http://fort-greene.thelocal.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/brooklyn-tech- students-boiling-mad-over-baked-good-ban/

Friendship

Imagine, for a moment, that you are a new child, in an unfamiliar place, full of invisible faces that stare at you as you walk past them. Your face buried in a map so that you can find your way through your new environment and you continuously bump into strangers who do not offer a supporting hand to guide you on your way. You are lost, and you do not know what to do. Suddenly, out of nowhere, a hand comes right in front of your path, grasping yours, and leading the way to safety and happiness.It is your first friend. Friendship is the greatest gift you can give someone to ensure mental, emotional, and social aspects for not only your own, but someone else’s life in the process. Everyone needs one good, true friend to stay mentally healthy. Having been proven by scientific experiments studied by Harvard Medical students, if a true friend is available to you, you can relinquish your thoughts and emotions to in order to relieve stress from your brain.Scientists agree that stress releases chemicals changes throughout your brain, and that these changes could influence your health. With a friend there for you, you are able to prevent stress from depleting your energy to even decreasing the stress that can build up cancer cells. Knowing such a thing, can you not see that your friend is saving your life over and over again? How nice is that? Friends are essential to your life.Everyone needs one good, true friend to stay emotionally healthy. Especially for children, having a friend along for the long run is not only nutritious to your emotional state, but as well as for your physical state as well. Common knowledge shows that without the required love or mutual feeling of friendship towards a human being cause’s complications when it comes to probing further in intellectual discoveries or inhibits one from gaining any social connections.Having a friend, or even better, multiple friends, can improve your emotional state in vast like ways, such as increasin g social interactions after gaining self-confidence in the process. Without friends, you’re mental status is also affected due to stress levels that build up after being solitary for long periods of time, or perhaps from rejection, that it can lead to depression or even suicide. Knowing such a thing, can you not see that your friend is saving your life over and over again? Friends are essential to your life.In a personal view, being in the world without friends can be a very scary place. Friends can get you places, help you meet new faces, and make your life brighter than the sun. Friends are there for you when your life is down, if you have had a bad break-up, or if you have lost someone you love. They comfort you when you think you have got nothing else. A friend can be as close as a sibling, or as distant as your worst enemy, but in the end, you are not alone, and that makes all the difference when it comes to your mental, and emotional, state.Many of people believe that n ot everyone is socially inclined by birth or that said person is anti-social by their own means. However, a human being can not possible are, as proven in the statistics above, against human relation and contact without having prior past issues, such as child abuse, or depression. Friends will always be essential to you. In conclusion, Friendship is the greatest gift you can give someone to ensure mental, emotional, and social aspects for not only your own, but someone else’s life in the process.Friends relieve common stresses from a person that can leave them much healthier, mentally, and they can become a target for affections, or for any other positive emotion, leaving you socially enabled to lead your life. Socially connected to friends can lead to more friends, opening more opportunities that go up to business partners, to working together on a school paper. Friends can save your life repeatedly over and over again, isn’t that nice? You need friends, becauseâ€⠀ Friends are essential to your life. Friendship Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men can’t live without friend and real friendship could be a great support for one’s life. Friendship is simply a divine relationship based on feelings and understanding. It’s not ordinary social or official affair between people but a divine feelings and care based on mutual trust, affection and support. A true friendship is developed ultimately; sometimes relationship could be established for earthly benefits but that is not really considered friendship.A real friendship does not aim any worldly interests rather spiritual and based on share and care between friends. A relationship required to be reciprocal to turn into friendship. That is friendship between two people or among several people, only develops when they all loves, understands and trust one another equally. Successful friendship only established provided taste, feeling and sentiments of friends are same or common. A friendly relationship between people with strictly different outlook and view is almost impossible.A friendship turns stronger with care and maintenance. In the same way disrespect towards it fade and destroy it away. Friends must be sincere and loyal towards one another. One should not show vanity and power over his/her friends. Friends must bare a sense of equity in mind. Friendship with disparity doesn’t last very long. Real friend be always with his/her friend in well and in owes. In order to maintain friendship, it must be valued and handled delicately because treatment towards friendship determines a friend is real friend or fair weathered.All people seems friendly are not friend. Many pretend to be friend and terminate friendship as soon as their interests are fulfilled. We may have thousands of fair-weathered friends in prosperity but real friends are those who stand by us in our trouble. It’s very painful when friends proved traitor so in choice of friends we must be cautious. A good friend supports us always and led us in the right way. A good friend encourages us for positive and forbid us form wrong deeds. A real good friend is an invaluable treasure. Benefits and necessity of friendship is innumerable.Human being needs companion to live. And friends are one of the best companion because supports us, care us and bless us an opportunity to share our thoughts freely. As friendship doesn’t aim any worldly things, serious dispute between friends are rare or mostly trifle. In a word, friendship is blessed with countless gifts. Friendship is undoubtedly a heavenly thing. Life is colourless and slow without a friend. Though real friends are not easy to find, a real friendship with a good person is a precious gift that could be great supports for lifetime.. Friendship Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men can’t live without friend and real friendship could be a great support for one’s life. Friendship is simply a divine relationship based on feelings and understanding. It’s not ordinary social or official affair between people but a divine feelings and care based on mutual trust, affection and support. A true friendship is developed ultimately; sometimes relationship could be established for earthly benefits but that is not really considered friendship.A real friendship does not aim any worldly interests rather spiritual and based on share and care between friends. A relationship required to be reciprocal to turn into friendship. That is friendship between two people or among several people, only develops when they all loves, understands and trust one another equally. Successful friendship only established provided taste, feeling and sentiments of friends are same or common. A friendly relationship between people with strictly different outlook and view is almost impossible.A friendship turns stronger with care and maintenance. In the same way disrespect towards it fade and destroy it away. Friends must be sincere and loyal towards one another. One should not show vanity and power over his/her friends. Friends must bare a sense of equity in mind. Friendship with disparity doesn’t last very long. Real friend be always with his/her friend in well and in owes. In order to maintain friendship, it must be valued and handled delicately because treatment towards friendship determines a friend is real friend or fair weathered.All people seems friendly are not friend. Many pretend to be friend and terminate friendship as soon as their interests are fulfilled. We may have thousands of fair-weathered friends in prosperity but real friends are those who stand by us in our trouble. It’s very painful when friends proved traitor so in choice of friends we must be cautious. A good friend supports us always and led us in the right way. A good friend encourages us for positive and forbid us form wrong deeds. A real good friend is an invaluable treasure. Benefits and necessity of friendship is innumerable.Human being needs companion to live. And friends are one of the best companion because supports us, care us and bless us an opportunity to share our thoughts freely. As friendship doesn’t aim any worldly things, serious dispute between friends are rare or mostly trifle. In a word, friendship is blessed with countless gifts. Friendship is undoubtedly a heavenly thing. Life is colourless and slow without a friend. Though real friends are not easy to find, a real friendship with a good person is a precious gift that could be great supports for lifetime..

The Whole Language Approach To Learning

The Whole Language Approach To Learning There are a lot of specific methods and approaches to teaching. There is no one particular method affirmed by all the teachers, therefore the vast majority of ideas exists. The differences in perception of the ways for teaching lead to the presence of various methods to learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Whole Language Approach To Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Whole Language ideology is a particular method for teaching which deserves attention due to its peculiarity. The main purpose of this discussion is to consider the problem of the Whole Language in detail, referring to the system of reading as the particular method for helping students understand the nature of language as a whole. Considering the approach under discussion, it may be stated that it is based on the idea that the language is a whole and it should be taught as a whole. Traditional system of teaching presupposes division of the learning procedure into several segments which are given to children separately. The peculiarity of the Whole Language approach is that students are offered knowledge into one specific approach which combines necessary items that help students obtain necessary knowledge (Çekià § 223). The whole language approach is based on a number of particular principles which help many students learn languages as a system of knowledge. Thus, the main principles of the whole language instructions are as follows, (1) the lessons are run from the whole to the pieces, (2) lessons are learner-oriented, (3) the lessons are meaningful and purposeful for students, (4) students are involved into social interaction, (5) simultaneous development of receptive and generative competencies is observed, (6) in case a foreign language is taught, native language should be used for instruction, and (7) â€Å"teachers should help second language learners decrease their affective filters† (Adunyarit tigun n.p.). Much research has been conducted in the sphere of whole language study system and the results are rather impressive. Those who were offered this particular system made remarkable process in their education. Therefore, Ahmed is sure that writing skills are developed better if this complex system is used. Many scholars point at the fact that students express interest in studying foreign languages if this particular approach is implemented. One of the main problems in learning a foreign language is the inability to use this language.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students are to study different aspects of language and after these boring exercises students may be able to talk. The whole language approach states that students will have an opportunity to become interested in language earlier before they will be able to talk (Schwarzer and Luke 87). Theme studies, pr ocess writing and literature-based breading combine the whole language approach. It means that performing a particular task students are involved several processes which help them learn information faster and better (Lamme and Beckett n.p.). Having considered the main idea of the whole language approach to the education, it is possible to point at the advantages and disadvantages of this system. As it has already been mentioned, the difference between the traditional education and teaching children with the help of the whole language may perfectly underline the pros and cons for using the whole languages. First of all, it should be stated that while writing students just see the graphical correspondence of the letters, while reading aloud they do not involve thinking and creativity and while thinking and answering the question students are unable to apply their writing skills. The whole language approach is the only educational instruction which is ready to combine all of these comp etences. This is one of the main values of the system and the reasons why it is better from the traditional one (LeDoux n.p.). One of the main disadvantages of the whole language approach is the absence of the sufficient explicit phonics instruction. Being apparently new system which is not involved largely, many teachers do not want to be bothered with the innovation. However, referring to Schwarzer and Luke’s point of view in the relation to the whole language systems implementation, the following principles should be considered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Whole Language Approach To Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Language arts should be integrated, â€Å"language is not an end in itself, but a means to an end† (Schwarzer and Luke 95), students should take part in literacy events and be circled with authentic print, students learn new information by doing a complex of activities an d they are personally responsible for the knowledge they will obtain. Assessment is an inevitable part of the whole language system (Schwarzer and Luke 95). Additionally, traditional system of education is based on teaching students literacy and language. The Whole Language approach is much broader in this concept as depending on the books accepted for reading, students are taught social justice and other particular notions. Using the whole language approach, students are taught â€Å"a range of social and cultural practices which assist students to question the truth of texts, to ask different questions about texts, and indeed to seek out conflicting texts† (Taylor and Otinsky 71). Ethical and moral issues should be met while implementing the whole language approach (Taylor 106). Therefore, it may be concluded that the choice of the books for reading should be appropriate. To help teachers understand what kind of books should be used, this list of the books for reading for t he sixth grade should be checked. The selection of the books for reading is based on the principles of the whole language learning approach and the peculiarity of teaching students. It is important to remember that the support of speech, language and communication are the central goals for teaching students at the sixth grade and the use of the whole language approach may be an ideal method (Leyden, Stackhouse and Szczerbinski 207; Jones n.p.).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The following list of books is provided with the purpose to inform teachers which books should be covered in the program. The choice of the books is based on their usefulness in the whole language approach. Therefore, the following sources should be considered: The Golden Dream of Carlo Chuchio by Lloyd Alexander, No Castles Here by A. C. E. Bauer, Getting to first base with Danalda Chase by Matt Beam, My name is Henry Bibb: a story of slavery and freedom by Afua Cooper, The Million Dollar Putt by Dan Gutman, A Taste for Red by Lewis Harris, The Genie Scheme by Kimberly K. Jones, Lost Time by Susan Maupin Schmid Its Only Temporary by Sally Warne Closed for the Season by Mary Downing Hahn. These books should be read by the sixth grade students as the part of their whole language approach as there is much to discuss in these novels and stories. Adunyarittigun, Dumrong. Whole language: A whole new world for ESL programs. (1993): ERIC. Web. Ahmed, Abdelhamid Mohamed Abdelhamid. The E ffect of using the whole language approach on developing some composition writing skills in English for experimental secondary students In Egypt. Online Submission (2006): ERIC. Web. Çekià §, Ahmet. The basis and applications of the whole language approach to ELT. Educational Sciences Series 62.1A (2010): 223-229. Print. Jones, Jeffrey M. Learning to read and whole language ideology. Web. Lamme, Linda Leonard and Cecilia Beckett. (1992). â€Å"Whole language in an elementary school library media center.† ERIC Digest. Web. LeDoux, Amanda. Investigating the implementation of whole language: Strengths and weaknesses. Online Submission (2007). ERIC. Web. Leyden, Jenny, Stackhouse, Joy and Marcin Szczerbinski. Implementing a whole school approach to support speech, language and communication: Perceptions of key staff. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 27.2 (2011): 203-222. Schwarzer, David and Chris Luke. Inquiry cycles in a whole language foreign language class: some theor etical and practical insights. Texas Papers In Foreign Language Education 6.1 (2001): 83-99. Taylor, Monica, and Gennifer Otinsky. Becoming whole language teachers and social justice agents: Pre-service teachers inquire with sixth graders. International Journal of Progressive Education 3.2 (2007): 68-82. Taylor, Monica. Whole language teaching, whole-hearted practice: looking back, looking forward. New York: Peter Lang, 2007.

An analysis on the relevance of published financial statement to decision makers in Zimbabwe. Essays

An analysis on the relevance of published financial statement to decision makers in Zimbabwe. Essays An analysis on the relevance of published financial statement to decision makers in Zimbabwe. Essay An analysis on the relevance of published financial statement to decision makers in Zimbabwe. Essay Faculty of commercialism Department of accounting and it Chapter one Subject: An analysis on the relevancy of published fiscal statement to determination shapers in Zimbabwe. ( A instance survey of econet radio Zimbabwe ) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR BACHELOR OF COMMERCE HONOURS DEGREE IN Accounting Chapter: 1 Introduction Fiscal statements are the most widely used and most comprehensive manner of pass oning fiscal information about a concern endeavor to users of the information provided in the studies. The chief aim of fiscal statement is to supply the proprietors and investors, authorities, employees, Tenders, providers, clients, investing analysts and the populace to look into the public presentation of an endeavor ; comparison and contrast past public presentation to current public presentation of the organisation Moskowitz ( 2000 ) The user groups have a assortment of specific information demands and merely particular purpose fiscal statement may hold the ability to turn to those demands. The Accounting model ( par. 10 ) acknowledges that fiscal statements can non run into the demands of all these users, but argues that the proviso of fiscal statement that meet the demands of investors will besides run into most of the demands of other users. research has extensively examined the relevancy of accounting informations in order to measure the utility of fiscal statements to the users Papadaki and Siougle ( 2007 ) . Published fiscal statement is defined as relevant if it has a predicted association with equity market values. The survey was designed to measure whether the corporate studies are relevant in supplying information that is utile to the determination shapers. Barth et Al ( 2001 ) . 1.1 Background of the survey In recent times the demand for proper corporate fiscal revelation of listed companies was increasing and the failures of big companies registered on the most of import stock exchange have exerted excess force per unit area on listed companies and standard compositors for the betterment of the quality of corporate coverage. The stock exchange committee stated the diminution in subject in corporate one-year coverage and imperativeness release to the absence of capacity at the Zimbabwe stock exchange from 2007.The consequences of the IFRS reappraisal for the published infusions of fiscal describing provinces that the coverage entity do non expose consistence and sometimes look to describe subjective information on which the reader is supplied with information that satisfy their direction aims. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.africair.com/2012/08/09/pu. It besides states that some companies are non following with the IFRS. A figure of accounting and concern failures recorded around the universe have promoted unfavorable judgment on accounting. The determination shapers have been in a figure of lay waste toing losingss due to accounting dirts and bankruptcy in companies which they have stockholding. These state of affairss might be that the corporations have supplied inaccurate information to the determination shapers. The recent accounting dirts have led to the loss of assurance in fiscal coverage pattern and effectivity of corporate administration mechanisms Bartley 2002 ; Browning 2002 ; O’Connell, et Al. 2005. Even though enterprises have been put frontward to better the quality fiscal coverage, it is clear that the quality fiscal coverage is sometimes biased. In pattern, as can be witnessed by a figure of accounting dirts and bankruptcies, some companies are still printing low-quality fiscal studies and supply misdirecting information to the populace. The quality corporate fiscal coverage remains the dream of most comptrollers. It seems to be a myth that the world of fiscal coverage is different from what people presently believe. However, we have instances whereby companies window dress their histories to do it attractive to investors to purchase portions or put in their companies, which in bend consequences to either loss or prostration of the company at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. The ground for revelation of accounting information is to inform the stockholders on the fiscal deductions and effects of the departures on in the organisation. 1.2 Statement of the job Zimbabwe Stock Exchange is sing a batch of overreaction by irrational investors who have no footing for their determinations despite the published fiscal statement ; it was observed that determination shapers are drawn into the market in a sort of bandwagon consequence, nevertheless the inquiry that begs to be answered is whether investors can trust on fiscal statement information for investing determination devising intents in Zimbabwe. 1.3 Aims of the survey The chief aim of this research work is to analyze the relevancy of published one-year studies of listed companies to determination shapers. The specific aims of the survey are: To analyze the extent to which fiscal studies are used in measuring the overall public presentation of the company. To determine if there exist other finding variables apart from the information provided in one-year studies and histories that influence their investing determination. To determine insufficiencies if any with the current revelation practiced in corporate coverage in Zimbabwe. 1.4 Research Questions To supply a usher in the behavior of the survey the undermentioned inquiries are raised: To what extent are fiscal study used in measuring the overall public presentation of the company? Are one-year study and histories adequate in act uponing thebuy, clasp and sell determination of investor. Are at that place other variables that inform the determination of stockholders to purchase, keep and sell equities? Are there current revelation patterns in corporate coverage in Zimbabwe adequate? 1.5 Significance of the Study The significance of this research work is to give an empirical analysis of corporate one-year study and history and its relevancy to users of fiscal statements. The research would give the research worker a comprehensive apprehension on how fiscal statements can be used by users to do informed judgement and determinations. The survey is besides extremely important to stakeholders as they need accurate information to foretell future public presentation by placing the factors in fiscal study. This work will decidedly add to the organic structure of bing cognition and a usher for other research workers who will transport out research on this capable affair, peculiarly in countries that will non be addressed in the survey. 1.6 Explicating Hypothesis Establishing on the statement of the job, the undermentioned void hypothesis were through empirical observation formulated and tested on the analysis of the relevancy of one-year studies to the determination shapers. H0:That published fiscal statement has no importance in the investors’ determination devising. H1: That published fiscal statement has greater importance in the determination devising by the users. 1.7 Premises The research is traveling to be successfully carried out in the allocated clip The information gathered from samples, respondents and any other beginning will be right Econet Wireless Zimbabwe will run on a traveling concern construct therefore operate in the foreseeable hereafter Datas from respondents will be equal to infer findings and decisions 1.7 Boundary lines This survey is limited to the published fiscal statements and their relevancy to users of fiscal statement, with particular mention to Econet Wireless Zimbabwe, Masvingo and shall cover the period of 2010 to 2013. The population comprised all stakeholders. From the population, a sample of 30 was obtained through the simple random choice technique. 1.8 Restrictions of the survey This survey has been undertaken in malice of the cynicism that dogged the survey right from the construct which constituted restriction to the research worker and these are: Due to the high degree of confidentiality in the administration nowadays non all beginnings relevant to this research is accessed. However the research worker resorted to the usage of other beginnings of information like the accounting manual. Some respondents were non being able to react freely due to work committednesss therefore the research worker followed them in order to entree the information. Secondary informations contained some elements of prejudices so on this regard the research worker put more trust on primary informations. Several disbursals were involved in this work therefore there was limited resources available to the research due to hapless economic status that was non adequate to take attention of high transit cost, letter paper, public dealingss and cost of typing this work and binding. Budget Item Unit of measurement Monetary value sum quantity/trips $ $ printing, photocopying and typing 3 20 Conveyance 7 12 72 telephone charges 1 50 Stationery 20 sundry disbursals 50 Entire 212 The research worker will seek contributions from the administrations and besides beginning financess from relations and friends to finance the research procedure budget. 1.9 Definition of footings Accounting: This is the presentation of consistently developed and accurately recorded fiscal studies about an entity engaged in economic activity to users of such study, reading and analysis of such study to accomplishing their assorted demands. Annual Report: Is a elaborate study on a company’s operations throughout the preceding twelvemonth. This is intended to give stockholders and other stakeholder’s information about the company’s activities and fiscal public presentation. Investors: They are the proprietors of the concern and they need fiscal information to measure the effectivity of the direction in running the concern and the likeliness of hazard if any. Accounting Standards: In a nutshell, these are regulations which indicate the footing of recording, presentation or valuing an point. Relevance: Fiscal statements: these are paperss prepared by the direction of the company to pass on its public presentation to the stockholders and other users Investing ; this means the forfeiture of the present resource for the hereafter. It is the committedness of present resources for future return. Information-these can be said to be the facts needed or received by a individual, or group of individual, or group of individuals which is or will be utile to them. Decision making- can be defined as placing options, measuring such options and taking from such options. It can be viewed as the really cloth of which organized activity is made. 1.10 Organization of the survey Chapter one concentrated on a brief description of the background to the survey, statement of the job, aims of the survey, research premises and boundary line of the survey and ends with an administration of the survey. Chapter two will concentrate on reappraisal of related literature. It focuses on old work done by others authors and research workers on the relevancy of published fiscal statements . A survey of this magnitude required a thorough and critical rating of relevant literature centred on the undermentioned constructs of the job: the empirical reappraisal and justification of the survey. Chapter three will look at the research methodological analysis used in the research procedure and the justifications thereof. The chapter will concentrate on the research design, instance survey, study method, population and sample, questionnaires, interviews, cogency of the instruments and dependability of the instruments. Chapter four will concentrate on informations presentation and treatment of the research findings on the research subject. It analyses the primary informations in the signifier of responses from questionnaires and interviews, and besides secondary informations. Chapter five will show the sum-up, decisions and recommendations. These summaries the major concerns of the research survey as highlighted in chapter one, methods used and the deductions of the findings, besides presenting inquiries for future research. 1.11 Chapter sum-up Research subject was drawn, followed by a brief background of the job. Steering inquiries were outlined. Restrictions and operational definitions were given. The following chapter, which is chapter two, seeks to appreciate what other writers are traveling to state theoretically and through empirical observation about the relevancy of published fiscal statements to the determination shapers

Course work Essay Example

Course work Essay Example Course work Essay Course work Essay After considering other ponds to org at I choose Lily pond as there was little leaf litter compared to the natural ponds which made it easier to identify invertebrates in pond samples. Mayfly Nymphs are the invertebrates I choose to study as there is a generally high abundance in Lily pond therefore the changes in abundance in microcircuit can be seen more easily. Ephemerals nymph has very short life span as an adult that can last for a day or less than 30 minutes Figure 1 show the life cycle of Mayfly Nymphs. The adult Mayfly lays its eggs in the pond; the offspring enter the first stage when they hatch as Nymphs. The sub-imago stage shown in Figure 1 is the first flying stage [2] and the final stage is the adult stage in which Mayflies mate and then die. The Nymph stage last longer than the adult stage from months up to years [3]. This is because the adults do not eat and use the energy absorbed at the Nymph stage. The Mayfly Nymph shape varies according to the type of sub- species. Mayfly Nymphs have gills along their abdominal area which can be seen in Figure 2. They have three tails which can create a wave like movement allowing the Nymph to swim These are structural adaptations that enable he Mayfly Nymph to survive in a pond ecosystem. Mayfly nymph are usually vegetable feeders and many feed on algae [1]. Vegetation and algae are authors that are able to make complex molecules such as glucose through the process of photosynthesis. After loss of energy through respiration the total energy remaining is called net primary productivity. This energy is the available to herbivores such as the Mayfly Nymph. However not all of the energy will be transferred to the Mayfly as some of the plant material may not be digested Mayfly nymph have important role in the food chain which can be seen in Figure 3, as it provides a pathway for energy to be transferred across tropic levels. Figure 3 also shows some of the predators are carnivorous water beetles, Dragonfly Nymph, Water Boatman and Newts. Mayfly Nymphs in the pond live in different microcircuits. Microcircuits are smaller habitats with a larger one [5]. Figure 4 shows the different microcircuits found in a pond. The detritus is a microcircuit at the bottom c the pond where dead plants and animals are found.. Vegetation is a microcircuit that contains both Submergence and Emergent plants. Submergence vegetation is found below the surface of the water and the emergent vegetation is above the surface. Open water microcircuit can be described as an area which does not contain vegetation. The independent variable in my study was the type of microcircuit. My dependent variable was the abundance and size Of Mayfly Nymph. In my investigation will not be observing Mayfly Nymphs in the detritus microcircuit as the dependent variable was easier to compare as there is not as much dead plant material in the other microcircuit. Figure 4 shows areas I looked at during my investigation at Lily pond. Abundance of an organism is affected by both biotic and biotic factors in the ecosystem. Biotic factors are non-living part of an organisms habitat and the biotic factors are the living part [5]. Shelter is an biotic factor that can affect abundance as it may provide safety for an organism from predators; therefore they are more likely to survive and reproduce leading to a higher abundance of the organism. There is more shelter in the vegetation in the leaves of the plants so I may find a higher abundance of Mayfly Nymph there. Another reason the abundance of Mayfly Nymph may be higher in vegetation s because the vegetation provides food for the Mayfly Nymph. However there may not be any difference in abundance in open water and vegetation as Mayfly Nymphs are opportunistic generalists [2] and may eat the plant particles and leaf litter in the open water. Temperature off microcircuit also affects the abundance of Mayfly Nymphs In each microcircuit. This is because the enzyme activities of the body increases as temperature increases resulting in faster metabolic reactions and growth of an organism. The life cycle of the Nymph will be shorter at a higher temperature and they will produce faster therefore the abundance will increase. I will measure the temperature of each microcircuit in order to see if it may have significant effect on the dependent variable. However it may not have a significant effect as water has a high specific heat capacity so increase in heat may not affect the overall temperature of the pond [6]. Mayfly Nymph are sensitive to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, this is a reason why it is sometimes used as an indicator species to see the amount of pollution of a pond will measure the amount of oxygen dissolved in each microcircuit. Again the abundance of Mayfly Nymph may be greater in the vegetation as plants photosynthesis and release oxygen as a by product therefore the concentration will be higher than in open water. Open water also has leaf litter which may have decomposing bacteria breaking it down however that use of oxygen when they respire. Planning Null hypothesis: There will be no difference In abundance of Mayfly Nymphs in Vegetation than the Open water microcircuit. Working hypothesis: The abundance of Mayfly Nymph will be greater in the Vegetation microcircuit. Risk assessment Key Likelihood score (L) unlikely to occur very rarely but only rarely sometimes Likely to occur often Severity scores (S) 1. Highly 1 . Slight inconvenience 2. May occur but 2. Minor injury requiring first aid 3. Does occur 3. Medicaid attention needed 4. Occurs 4. Major injury leading to hospitalizing 5. 5. Fatal or serious injury leading to disability Hazard and outcome Likelihood (L) severity (S) Risk (LOS) Wet soil- could slip and fall which lead to injury 3 9 Being too close to pond edge- could fall into pond. The water is deep so danger Of drowning 2 6 Water borne diseases- such as wells disease 5 The first hazard on the table can be minimized by being more careful not to spill water on the soil. There are signs around the pond such as the one shown in figure 5, which are reminder to not to be too near to the edge of the pond at all time. This will help reduce the likelihood of falling into the pond. The last hazard has a severity of 5 therefore there should be good measures taken to reduce the chance of getting Water borne disease. I have covered any cuts I had on my hands with plasters. I have also used gloves when handling pond water so that my hands are not in contact with contaminated eater. Method collected data about the abundance using the equipment in Figure 6. Method for measuring abundance of Mayfly Nymphs: I will use a stratified sample in which I will choose the locations in the pond that IS representative of my independent variable. One location will be an open water microcircuit and the other that will be a vegetation microcircuit. For each microcircuit will use the following method: will half fill a tray with pond water; this is for the invertebrates to be placed in. I will also fill two pots with pond water. After I will use a net to sweep the area of the pond to collect he invertebrates. I will ensure that I use a figure 8 movement when am sweeping to ensure that less invertebrates are lost than compared to if I sweep only in one direction. The net will then be upturned onto the tray and I will pour the content of one of the pots on to the net. This is to stop invertebrates remaining on the net. If there is any trapped inside the net will use the plastic spoon to carefully to remove them and put them in the tray. Then will use the plastic spoon to remove the Mayfly Nymphs from the tray into the other filled pot. I will count the Nymphs in the sun in order to see hem more clearly and record the results. Method for measuring control variables: To measure the pH will collect pond water from each microcircuit inside sample containers. Will dip pH strips inside each container and remove it after 5 seconds. I will then leave it for 2 minutes and Compare the results against a reference sheet such as the one shown in figure 7. Oxygen concentration of pond water will be measured using oxygen meter. However the oxygen meter was unavailable therefore resorted to using secondary data for oxygen concentration in open water and vegetation (reference tutor). The temperature of each microcircuit will be measure using a thermometer which will be dipped into the pond and waiting for around 40 seconds to be more certain Of the reading. Record the reading on the thermometer. The magnifying pot and CACM ruler shown in figure 10 will be used to measure to the size of the Mayfly Nymph. I will put some water from the pond into the pot and place one Mayfly Nymph inside. The magnifying pot has a grid on the bottom with MIM squares. The ruler will be used to measure the length of the Mayfly Nymph with aid of the squares on the magnifying pot.

MGMT499 1 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT499 1 DB - Research Paper Example Jeff Bezos is also another aspiring leader. The leader is the chief executive officer of Amazon. The CEO is achieving significant transaction deals. The director bought The Washington Post, and Amazon is yielding billions of returns. The leader also stated that Apple is testing drones that will be useful in making delivering products to the customers within thirty minutes. The chief executive of Apple, Tim Cook, is an uninspiring person according to the Business Insider and the Benzinga journals. The CEO is the reason the Apple Company is experiencing too many employee departures. The other leader, who is uninspiring, is the Cuban president Raul Castro. The reason is underlying the statements that the leader is said to be reluctant and appears to be ruling in an incompetent way. The reference also leads to many people questioning his ability to govern. The person who appointed the leader, Mr. Fidel, is the one who pointed out that Raul is poor in delivering any speech. The president also is incapable of delivering real messages to reporters especially those who are from foreign countries (Latell, January 21,

Film report of Ten to chi to _ (Heaven and Earth). (VT 06718, 104 Movie Review

Film report of Ten to chi to _ (Heaven and Earth). (VT 06718, 104 mins) - Movie Review Example Kagetora, though not a pacifist, is powerfully drawn to that idea. He is shown in the film as someone with a compassionate heart and someone who cared for his people deeply. He doesn’t want his subjects to suffer and is thus thinks thoroughly before going to war. But circumstances, especially the claim to leadership of a unified Japan, greatly inspire him. It is probably for such reasons of pride than for conquest of material wealth that he engages in war with Takeda. Hence the movie offers enough detail and perspective for the discerning audience to study and learn. In the case of the portrayal of Kagetora, we learn that not all feudal lords are greedy for expanding their territory. He is not much interested in increasing his political power. In this sense, Kagetora is atypical, for he is philosophical and compassionate and is reluctant to go to war. He engages with Takeda only because he thinks the ‘ends justifying the means’. Hence the film is an informative re cord of the variety of provincial leadership styles witnessed in feudal Japan. This is useful for a student of history, for textbooks often paint a generic picture of political leadership. Ten To Chi To, on the other hand, presents feudal leadership in a nuanced and complex manner, informed as it is by the historical, philosophical and social undercurrents shaping major events in medieval Japan. Takeda is the aggressive feudal warlord who is quick to use force and intimidation to achieve his goals. He is someone who doesn’t care about cruelty to people. He represents a broader conflict that has been a theme in Japanese history for more than millennia. For example, on the on hand we have the fundamental conflict between the tradition and honor of the influential Samurai community. On the other hand is the Buddhist philosophical doctrine which disapproves of violence and killing. Hence a Samurai is a conflicted personality. But Takeda is ruthless when it comes to war and doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t heed to Buddhist philosophy at all. To this extent, one can say that the film is an exposition on the problems confronting religious philosophy in Japan’s feudal past. It is a reflection of religion’s inability to control aggressive human impulses that Japan was one of the main participants during World War II – a bitter and tragic episode that ended with the dropping of nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A facet of the Samurai tradition is its upholding of honor about all else. For members of this warrior caste, valor and fulfillment of duty are of utmost importance. They would rather die than be dishonored and disgraced. One of their important duties is to protect and obey their feudal masters during their military expeditions. The honor of the Samurai depends on the upholding of duties. In the film we see numerous illustrations of courage and sacrifice on part of the Samurai as they attempt to keep their honor. It is ironic that the two opposin g camps in warfare (both composed of Samurais) are united by this common virtue. In this respect, it is fair to claim that irrespective of who wins and loses the war, it is the Samurai and his set of values that come out victorious. Though the director Haruki Kadokawa does not focus much on this aspect of feudal Japan’s culture, it is available to the careful viewer of the film. Thus, alongside insights into politics and social structures of late medieval Japan, the audience

Mass transportation in los angeles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mass transportation in los angeles - Essay Example The express buses do not stop often and normally drive on the freeways where it is possible to cover the shortest distance, which means that it skips various stops and areas. The rapid buses normally travel and pick passengers on local streets, although they do not make as many stops as the local buses and, therefore, can be considered as better when it comes to beating the traffic. However, one is advised to review the schedules prior to travelling since these buses change routes and, during the late hours, their frequency is reduced. Fares for a weekly pass are $20, for a day pass one has to pay $5 and $1.50 for a single ride (Shanks, 2001). Metro buses in Los Angeles also use the orange and silver rapid transit lines to operate metro liners, which are present on the metro rail map due to the fact that, along majority of their routes, they operate transit-ways (Shanks, 2001). The Department of Transportation In Los Angeles also operates white buses on top of the Metro on local lines so as to supplement their bus service Downtown and in other areas with high population densities. In addition, cities that neighbour LA also operate bus systems that extend their routes into LA and charge different fares. These buses overlap with the Metro bus networks. Some of these bus systems also run rapid line routes, which are parallel to local routes but have fewer stops. Some of these include the Big Blue Bus that is operated by Santa Monica City and serves Santa Monica, Venice Beach, Brentwood and other West LA districts, LAX, and downtown LA. The Culver City Bus serves Culver City, LAX, Century City, Mar Vista, Rancho Park, Marina Del Rey, Palms, West LA Transit Centre, UCLA, Venice, Westwood, and Westchester (Bottles, 2011). The Burbank Transit operates around North Hollywood and Burbank, while Torrance Transit operates around Torrance to Long and Redondo Beach, downtown LA, and LAX. The Foothills Transit also operates

An Individuals Right to Refuse Medical Care Case Study

An Individuals Right to Refuse Medical Care - Case Study Example The historical perspective is, to be brief, the fact that Terri Schiavo had a head injury which significantly impaired her. An autopsy later revealed that her brain had no significant cognitive functioning, with no chance of recovery. Overall, â€Å"there is no easy fix that will make end-of-life decision making simple and conflict-free.†1 Legislation was put through allowing for feeding-tube removal. An individual has the right to refuse medical care, but usually, they will have to sign a form saying that they have been informed of their necessity for medical care—and are consciously making the decision not to receive medical care by outrightly refusing it. This has various potential outcomes, one of which is if appropriate medical treatment is not received, what will happen then? The moral and ethical issues present include the following: whether someone can or cannot insert a feeding tube without the patient’s consent; whether someone can or cannot insert an I V without the patient’s consent; and whether or not someone can or cannot hydrate a patient without the patient’s consent. Governor Jeb Bush passed â€Å"Terri’s Law,† stating that Terri’s feeding tube could be removed—a legislative move. My ethical position on the issue is that Terri’s feeding tube and hydration should not have been discontinued. In fact, I protested these end-of-life procedures when the Schiavo case was happening, in order to garner attention to how upset I felt that her rights were being violated.

Marketing distribution management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing distribution management - Essay Example For instance, even though Windows 7 was a perfectly competent operating system, Microsoft felt the need to come up with a superior variant in Windows 8 which provides users with a more interactive interface with more engaging features. Microsoft’s primary market segment is that of teenagers and young adults. Its new line of products include Windows phones and tablets, as well as the Xbox One, which are all products demanded by people belonging to these age groups. The need to constantly innovate to protect market share due to the continuous emergence of inventive products, such as Android smartphones and PlayStation 4, by competitors remains the company’s biggest challenge. The recent outlay of $405 million on the marketing of Windows tablets is testament to this fact (Warren). Microsoft has traditionally held a very mature and adult like persona in the minds of the public due its strong association with Windows operating systems. However, the company has recently undergone a rebranding process of transforming its logos and portfolio (The Globe and Mail). Its entry in the tablets market and its acquisition of Nokia’s cellphone division and subsequent marketing of ‘Lumia’ has showcased that it now wants to appeal to a younger audience and portray itself as ‘cool’. However, it faces stiff competition with the likes of Apple, Samsung and HTC having already occupied that position and possessing greater experience in these markets. The Globe and Mail. Microsoft Rebrands: First New Logo in 25 Years. 23 Aug. 2012. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/business-technology/microsoft-rebrands-first-new-logo-in-25-years/article4495185/ Warren, Tom. "Microsoft to Spend $405 Million on Windows Marketing, Aims for 16 Million Tablet Sales." The Verge, 1 Nov. 2013. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.

An Individuals Right to Refuse Medical Care Case Study

An Individuals Right to Refuse Medical Care - Case Study Example The historical perspective is, to be brief, the fact that Terri Schiavo had a head injury which significantly impaired her. An autopsy later revealed that her brain had no significant cognitive functioning, with no chance of recovery. Overall, â€Å"there is no easy fix that will make end-of-life decision making simple and conflict-free.†1 Legislation was put through allowing for feeding-tube removal. An individual has the right to refuse medical care, but usually, they will have to sign a form saying that they have been informed of their necessity for medical care—and are consciously making the decision not to receive medical care by outrightly refusing it. This has various potential outcomes, one of which is if appropriate medical treatment is not received, what will happen then? The moral and ethical issues present include the following: whether someone can or cannot insert a feeding tube without the patient’s consent; whether someone can or cannot insert an I V without the patient’s consent; and whether or not someone can or cannot hydrate a patient without the patient’s consent. Governor Jeb Bush passed â€Å"Terri’s Law,† stating that Terri’s feeding tube could be removed—a legislative move. My ethical position on the issue is that Terri’s feeding tube and hydration should not have been discontinued. In fact, I protested these end-of-life procedures when the Schiavo case was happening, in order to garner attention to how upset I felt that her rights were being violated.

Characteristics of the Symbolist Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Characteristics of the Symbolist Movement - Essay Example The symbolist art not only associated itself with a main corpus of critical and theoretical writing, but also a poetry-oriented literary output. This brought about a convergence of literature and art, developing a modus operandi for art movements around the world during the 20th century. The style of art also led to the extinction of the old meanings by creating new networks of meanings that updated the myth and interpretation of origins. Symbolist art achieved this by fusing mythological and religious themes through such figures like Orpheus and Salome. Another character of the style was the militant anti-academicism achieved through ‘secessionist’ organizations in 1890s, which coincided with liberalization of the system of exhibition. Symbolist art promoted the prevalence of spirits of the then anti-modernism. This means that the style rejected naturalism, positivism, and rationalism, resulting to the culmination of the 1910 art piece, The Oath against Modernism (130). The doctrine of idealism was the foundation pillar of the symbolist art style, thus much of the art and literature had association with the concepts of idealism and/or Satanism. Among the favorite topic of symbolist art were occultisms, decadence, love, sin, death, religious feelings.

African Americans Essay Example for Free

African Americans Essay African Americans have a unique history as well as culture. Their history in the United States is greatly influenced and shaped by the events in the last three centuries. A period that would shape their destiny, their interactions as well as their orientation to most important events in life. The United States census figures put the number of African Americans at over thirty-eight millions in 2005. Of this population, over 55% of them reside in the metropolitan areas with cities like Chicago and New York being the homes to a huge majority of African Americans A close look at the African Americans in relation to the rest of their white counterparts reveals that they are disadvantaged in various aspects. This can only be understood by focusing at the underlying causes of this, key being the century’s discrimination and oppression meted out against the blacks by the successive regimes up to the period that the civil rights movement stepped up its calls for equality and political rights. African Americans had been for long subjected to slavery especially in the southern states. The end of slavery brought forth systemic discrimination where they were treated as second class citizens especially after the introduction of the Jim Crow laws that institutionalized racism. This is what is seen to be the cause behind the impoverished lot amongst the African Americans with 24. 7% of this population living in abject poverty. The group also remains disadvantaged in the education sector, health, housing as well as having the highest crime rates in the United States. Since the enactment of civil rights legislation, the African Americans population has made considerable steps towards improving their economic status largely narrowing the huge discrepancies that exist. This has been marked by the expansion of the African American middle class. Unlike in other ethnic groups like the white; there is parity across the gender amongst the blacks. Income levels in America are tilted to the disfavor of African Americans. This is largely seen as being linked to the inability to access other vital resources such as education and jobs. Speculative figures have it that over three quarter of African Americans aged above the age of 25 have not gone to college and hence do not possess college diplomas. By the turn of the century, over a third of the African American population living in the big cities was without employment compared to their white counterparts; this figure has not changed much (Brandon S, 1984). Life expectancy of the African American group compares unfavorably with that of the whites a fact exacerbated by the lack of medical and proper provision of health facilities. With a significant proportion of African Americans lacking medical care and proper provision of health facilities; with a significant proportion of African American having a low level of income and being unemployed, and with the united states lacking a universal health care system , African Americans are badly placed in terms of health facilities access. They are also at a higher risk of succumbing to chronic diseases as well as pandemics such as HIV aids. Statistics have it that of all people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS between 2001 and 2005, over half of them were African Americans. Cities that contain large populations of African Americans such as Washington DC contain the highest rates of HIV infections. African Americans have maintained a deep sense of religiosity this has been passed on from the days of slavery. Known as black churches, they have played a pivotal role in the struggle for blacks to acquire and consolidate civil and political rights. Majority of the evangelists have ended up as political figures playing a crucial role in the American civil rights movement.

A Critical Evaluation Of Nestle

A Critical Evaluation Of Nestle Introduction of Company (Nestle) The company Nestle is recognised as a famous and leading food manufacturing company in the world over 130 from its establishment. It deals with the business of food and Agriculture raw material. These two parts are very important and are indispensible part of each community in the world. At present time the company has been enjoying the privilege of being worlds largest and diversified company in the sector of food and agriculture Raw materials and it possesses about 500 factories all over the world in 80 countries. Company profile Nestle has its headquarter in Switzerland, Vevey and it was founded in 1866 by Sir Henri Nestle and at present this has been recognised as the biggest beverages and food company. At the end of the year 2004 were 87 bn. this had net profit of 6.7 bn. The company has around 247,000 employees. The company undergoes many guding principle for the better outputs. Nestlà ©s obtainable products rise from beginning to end with novelty and renewal at the same time as uphold a equilibrium in geographic behavior and manufactured goods lines. Long-standing potential is by no means sacrificed for temporary or short range feat. The Companys main concern is to convey the most excellent and most appropriate foodstuffs to populace, where on earth they are, what on earth their requirements, all through their existences.(www.nestle.com) Corporate Communication Strategy of Nestle The corporate communication strategy is an important part of any business. In any business good communication has to be established for the effective running of the business (Oliver, et al 2007). There must be good communication between the staff, management and customers. This strategy has to be adopted from the bottom to up which covers employees, customers suppliers, investors and management as the area of corporate communication strategy is important for the consideration of change management and corporate governance. This strategy has been developed by keep in mind the mission, policies, vision, corporate culture and strategies which exists in the internal environment of the organization but this must has center of attention over external communication environment assessment. In nestle communication management is the result of planning and implementations of strategies set by the senior practitioners in relation with the top management of the company. The company decides that how and which kind of relationship they need for the business with regards to the stakeholders and management. As the success and failure of the company depends upon the planning and setting up of this corporate communication strategy and its effective implementation. For the Nestle as studies there are following strategy followed for the getting up in the market. Mission of the Company The Nestle has believed in the research criteria and these results in the understanding of the people or customers needs from the company and products. As the hygienic and good food is the main source of the life and good health, the company has concentration to make and provide a good food for the customers and people. For the fulfillment of their aim to provide good and fresh food to the consumers the company has introduced a policy named SHE i.e. Safety, Health and Environment polity in order to protect the health and to keep the environment clean for all. Vision of Company Vision of Nestle Company is based on the expansion of their business appropriate to the rising demands of marketplace. As per the vision of the company it has the target in 2020 production capacity of all plants to be increased at the higher level.   Aims of the company The main aims of the company Nestle are as follow: To be spirited for the competition as they looked for many years that customers are drifted towards the pricing strategy and also have move towards the promotions. To obtain a cost-effective growth To privileged the UK trades and not stops thinking about other countries in the world that pay money for Nestle products. To bring up on getting better their marketplace shares. To put up for sale more than competitors similar to well known and appreciated corporations like Mars and Cadbury. The main objectives of the company are as follow: To put together enhancement and developments to their goods and manufacturers in order to make the customer happy and satisfied. To bring on manufacturing new products to go on customers pleased. To do well in implementation their aims and objectives, company Nestle knows that it is not easy to do so. So in to maintain them Nestle will carry on giving lots of commitment to the companies principles in preparation, development and employ practices, which will then expectantly formulate them a constant superior corporation! Corporate Issues in Nestle Communication management a) External and Internal communication   External Communication The nestle is very much conscious about the external communication in which the company deals with its customers and suppliers and also it related to the promotions by external means like advertisements, publicity etc. The external communication in nestle (www.nestle.com , 2003) is based on the following principles: The communication in nestle consumer relation is based on the reflection that there is moderation of food consumption so that to avoid the problem of overeating. Especially with relation to children The communication ensures the healthy and balanced diet. The advertising strategy for the company must not imply just replacement of food items with pleasure or snack food instead of heavy food and snacking. The advertising by nestle is such that it dedicated children that does not destabilize the authority and responsibility of the parents. The advertising is away from the unsafe situations. The communication is based on the health benefits and products provide sound nutrition basis. Communication is away from the violence, profanity and bad manners. Avoid the dangerous consumption of the products. Advertising Strategy Advertising is a power tool for the communication in the market. This help to increase the sale of the products. This creates image of the products in the mind of the customers and they intend to buy them. The ways used for the advertising by nestle are television, radio, newspaper, bill boards, hoardings etc. Internal communication For the internal communication the nestle follow the appropriate strategy in which there is effective communication between the top management and their parts of the management (Jaine, 2002). In internal communication the ICT technology is used to transfer the information across the various departments of the company. There is provision of meetings and conferences to discuss the matters with the staff and employees. The company has effective internal communication. Corporation communication Identity The identity of the company is taken as the food and beverages and is recognised by the images and its products. Image and identity both are in the category of information. Reputation Reputation is considered as the total assessment of the company admired by the customers. Nestle has good reputation in this relation in the market and is enjoying the top position in the market due to its reputation. Image Image is very useful in the process of communication. This serves as the tool for the marketing. For Nestle it has its own brand images. There are some images are shown here for the company. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTitCJKrMR8srkmvBy4CN-zecX7gitNhR2ghUAiREgxEp32CaB8 http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZSirRl5_PrLhaFwz7oNQ9Ku-10n9n2AGUnucKwrGjvmNOc8aN http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR5bicPv6dFHOCS0l0FTQtJkUZrzxsqXmuO4qfIyUoEMmi-qjbR0g http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSJBV1oQBcFdHG4Wcpwf-tBDv-D-9E-sE_N9lHDxKwVo1tQInMJ Organisational Culture of the company The organisational culture is consists of the representative performance outlines and principles that symbolize the company (Edger, 2010). Organisational culture of any organisation can be experienced by only spending little time with the organisation and in its environment. The communication is that source in the organisation that reflects the organisation culture of that company. There are number of aspects that Nestle has in context to values and this results in the working practice and their relationship with the employees. This includes the showing or presenting respect for different culture and encourage the employees of the nestle to work according to the company strategy and course i.e. fairness, honesty and concern of the people. The organisational culture during the work response to the various changes both in the external as well as internal environment in the Nestle. The international meetings and conferences that lead to the thinking process regarding the various government regulation and other investors and their activities for the business. in the present time the company Nestle has developed a system called environment Management System and system of environment auditing. In this there is concentration pay on the sustainable developments of the values and principles into the organisational culture of the company that reflects the good communication among all the departments of the company (www.nestle.com). The following diagram shows the organisational structure of the company Nestle in detail. organogram Role of Technology The technology in nestle is so designed that it provide accurate and consistent information over the various activities of the groups. The technology is set according to the environment friendly concept and the communication is secured by the available means from the inside and outside of the company and group. Nestle also considered its responsibility to create awareness, provide training and motivation by the means of use of technology with regards to the effective communication at external and internal level. PTC (Product technology centre) in Nestle is the part of worldwide network and this has focus on the excellence of the quality. This help to get lead in the way or methods to develop, process and packaged. At this place there is interface between the creativity and practical ideas. Role of HR in Nestle Communication The value of the HR functions is widely accepted in the companies and Nestle is a Human Company and it has good impact of HR over its communication corporation. This would help the company to protect against moving downward in the hard competition. Effective management of human resources in Nestle involves the recruiting, training and maintain of the staff according to the needs of the company. This reflects the good level of communication among the staff and employees of the company. The employees are trained to handle the various tasks like to motivate the people, address them about the various issues they had, their culture benefits and other friendly communication with them. It is the responsibility of the HR to create the climate for the technology innovations and to see outside of the environment. This also helps in the accepting the changes. Conclusion It is here concluded that nestle is leading company in the sector of food and beverages. The success of company is depending upon the strategies and implementation of those strategies in the company. In this relation corporate communication is the most important part of the management as this provides the interface between the various departments of the company. If there is good implementation of communication strategy at internal and external level of the company then there is more change to get the success for the company. Nestle pays more emphasis over the communication strategy of the company. Recommendations There are some suggestions for the company regarding its communication management in order to get more advantages from this. First of all the company has to put new techniques for the internal implementation of communication. Regarding the receiving and transporting the information. Secondly regarding the advertisement the company has good strategy but due to globalisation and technology advancement there is need timely change to convey the messages to the consumers. For the suppliers and other investor the healthy way of communication is recommended. There should be encouragement of bottom up ideas rather than the top down ideas it will explore more ideas for the better communication. Media is very powerful tool in relation to the communication with customers and suppliers and even for the investors. This part should be considered importantly by the company.

The American Communist Movement Essay -- power, control, leaders, socia

Political desire for power and control has resulted in the practices of socialism and communism. These political leaders have used this government control to influence and guide the economies for their own personal gain. During the early to mid twentieth century, the rise of socialism and communism led to economic, political, and social corruption throughout Eastern Europe, The United States, and many economies worldwide, resulting in the need for action against it. The introduction of government controlled economies led to devastating consequences that are seen in many aspects of life as well as in literature. The governmental shift towards social programs had many affects on the working class citizens and how businesses operated. At the start of the 20th century, the free market capitalist system became the popular model for most world economies. In fact, during this period, most economies were experiencing an economic boom. Globalization and the introduction of telephone communications was the starting point for growth and prosperity. However, the start of World War I destroyed over 20 million lives and slowed down the globalization of the world economies. World War I was a disaster and left people frightened and uncertain about the future. People were looking for a better way of life that was more just and the introduction of socialism and communism was born. â€Å"Communism required government ownership rather than private ownership of land, factories, and other economic resources, called the means of production† (Vontz). In addition, the party state was the Communist positio n that the party must defend all Communist countries against free market economies. Establishment of secret police and military forces were needed until t... ...ple who are free to choose and decide their future are in a position to succeed. Works Cited Fariello, Griffin. Red Scare Memories of the American Inquisition. 1st. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995. 556. Print. Hayes, John E. Red Scare or Red Menace?. Chicago: The American Way Series, 1996. 214. Print. Rand, Ayn. "Anthem Equality 7-2521." http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Ayn_Rand/Anthem/. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr 2014. Ronald Reagan, "Tear Down this Wall," Making the History of 1989, Item #567, https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/567 (accessed April 3 2014, 11 am). Von Drehle, David. "JFK." His Enduring Legacy. New York: 2013. Vontz, Thomas â€Å"Communism.† World Book Student. World Book, 2014. Web 13 Mar. 2014. Yergin, Daniel, Joseph Stanislaw, et al. Commanding Heights The Battle for the World Economy. Simon : Free Press, 2008. 535. Print. The American Communist Movement Essay -- power, control, leaders, socia Political desire for power and control has resulted in the practices of socialism and communism. These political leaders have used this government control to influence and guide the economies for their own personal gain. During the early to mid twentieth century, the rise of socialism and communism led to economic, political, and social corruption throughout Eastern Europe, The United States, and many economies worldwide, resulting in the need for action against it. The introduction of government controlled economies led to devastating consequences that are seen in many aspects of life as well as in literature. The governmental shift towards social programs had many affects on the working class citizens and how businesses operated. At the start of the 20th century, the free market capitalist system became the popular model for most world economies. In fact, during this period, most economies were experiencing an economic boom. Globalization and the introduction of telephone communications was the starting point for growth and prosperity. However, the start of World War I destroyed over 20 million lives and slowed down the globalization of the world economies. World War I was a disaster and left people frightened and uncertain about the future. People were looking for a better way of life that was more just and the introduction of socialism and communism was born. â€Å"Communism required government ownership rather than private ownership of land, factories, and other economic resources, called the means of production† (Vontz). In addition, the party state was the Communist positio n that the party must defend all Communist countries against free market economies. Establishment of secret police and military forces were needed until t... ...ple who are free to choose and decide their future are in a position to succeed. Works Cited Fariello, Griffin. Red Scare Memories of the American Inquisition. 1st. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995. 556. Print. Hayes, John E. Red Scare or Red Menace?. Chicago: The American Way Series, 1996. 214. Print. Rand, Ayn. "Anthem Equality 7-2521." http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Ayn_Rand/Anthem/. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr 2014. Ronald Reagan, "Tear Down this Wall," Making the History of 1989, Item #567, https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/567 (accessed April 3 2014, 11 am). Von Drehle, David. "JFK." His Enduring Legacy. New York: 2013. Vontz, Thomas â€Å"Communism.† World Book Student. World Book, 2014. Web 13 Mar. 2014. Yergin, Daniel, Joseph Stanislaw, et al. Commanding Heights The Battle for the World Economy. Simon : Free Press, 2008. 535. Print.

The Networks Surviving With Survivor Essay -- Television Shows TV Essa

The Networks Surviving With Survivor Reality shows sent a much-needed lifeline to the television networks industry. These shows have found a new way to bring much needed viewers, and even more important they brought in much needed money. The money came rolling into CBS after premiering Survivor, which brought in a profit of around $30,000,000 to the network. Even though Survivor is the must costly reality show, costing close to one million dollars to produce and hour of programming. In comparison to other shows, which cost far more like CBS’s series â€Å"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation† which cost over 1.6 million to produce per hour. With the amount of money coming in such large sums to networks have had to close monitor how much is being spent. Clearly’ the reality shows have brought in much needed assets to the flattering television networks. The failing television networks have found a number of elements in reality shows which can save them money. These elements have combined to improve rating, while also improving the amount of money brought into the networks. The networks have had pressure from stockholders to improve the return on their investments, or possible begin to lose their money. So the networks have discovered ways to save money with reality’ shows one being they haven’t had to pay actors. All the main characters of this shows are contests and only one will be ~paid† at the end. In addition to not paying actors, they have also been able to cut back greatly on the number of writers used to write scripts. The reality shows have been in a way been â€Å"pre-tested† in other nations. The U.S. networks know that the shows can be successful because of the success they have had in Europe. These facts have all come together ... ... stints on the television show. Fox capitalized on this viewer enthusiasm by showing the wedding. The Fox network is not the only group that has used the popular contestants after they’ve been on the show. E! Entertainment Television has had various ex-Survivor cast members host some of their shows. Some have also appeared in commercials. The Rosie O’Donnell Show even went to the extent of purchasing gifts for former members of the Survivor 2 cast (one former contestant, Colby, was given a Harley Davidson motorcycle!). The most outrageous occurrence seemed to take place when former Survivor 2 contestant Jerri, posed for Playboy Magazine. It is clear that in the world of reality television, personality and popularity are everything. Popularity on reality TV shows can translate into commercial viability and an unreal life beyond reality television.

Costa Coffee Essay

1. Executive summary In this business report we are analysing the business environment in which our company – BESO and its main competitor – Costa Coffee operate. The main objective is to research, analyse and understand the competitor’s business strategy, to find out if there is a gap in their action plan and how we can take advantage of this. The report consists of SWOT analysis of BESO and PEST analysis of both companies. The target markets of both – BESO and Costa Coffee are similar. That makes the competition between them even bigger. The report also discusses the marketing approach and the various advertising campaigns conducted by Costa Coffee and the advertising techniques we decide to adopt in the long run. The distribution system of Costa Coffee is also considered and plans to expand to different locations. The pricing strategy of BESO is based closely to the strategy of Costa Coffee as we have adopted competitive pricing. In terms of ethical issues we examined the various types of corporate social responsibilities of Costa Coffee. 2. Introduction The business report includes an analysis of Costa Coffee as a main competitor of BESO Coffee. The report examines the business environment where both companies operate in. It has been requested from the Marketing Director of BESO and also has to be focused only on the UK market. 3. BESO – Brief history BESO Coffee is a coffee chain settled in the UK in 2001. It has been established by an independent trader but later on when the business has grown, new stakeholders appeared. At first BESO’s target market was limited as well as the products it offered- only a few types of coffee and limited types of confectionary. However, only two years after launching BESO on the market it became popular through different groups of people, therefore the menu became much diversified and the target market as well. BESO has shown great performance during the years and has become one of the most recognized names on the current market. That is why Costa Coffee is determined as a main competitor of BESO. 4 5 The Marketing Profession 4. SWOT and PEST analysis 4. 1. SWOT analysis Strengths †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Efficient and trained staff Customer loyalty Brand recognition High quality coffee Friendly and relaxing atmosphere for our customers. Weaknesses †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Limited number of outlets Low levels of advertisement Interior design needs updating More range of the types of coffee available. Continual change in consumer taste Can be seen as an unhealthy product Opportunities †¢ Based in Central London which covers a large demographic of customers Olympics 2012 will bring in more sales Introduction of new products including healthy options. Retailing mugs and coffee equipment Threats †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Customers demanding fair-trade and organic coffee. Big chain coffee shops dominating the market. Economic issues and crisis Lack of ownership of primary resources e. g. Coffee farming. †¢ †¢ †¢ 4. 2. PEST analysis There are many different Political, Economic, Social and Technological issues that both our company and also Costa Coffee face within the coffee industry. Firstly, the first political issue to consider is that majority of coffee beans are brought and made in developing countries, so companies need to ensure that their coffee is made by fair-trade dealers and they need to consider the ethical conditions of the labor used. Another political issue includes all the taxes and tariffs incurred by any business operating within the UK, whether it be import tariffs or VAT on goods sold. The economic factors that our companies face are similar to the issues faced by many businesses within the whole goods and services market, this including the economic recession of 2008. Customers now have less disposable income to spend and as a result cut-down on the purchasing of non-vital goods. This is due to of unemployment rising and the levels of debt increasing. The social factors that need to be taken into consideration is that consumers are spending more money on coffee due to the demand for quality goods. This can be seen in the comparison of value of tea and coffee industry with coffee valuing at 738 million according to the Times (2008). As a result, companies need to ensure that buying coffee is not only a quick purchase, as they need to have value-added for customers including high quality coffee and a relaxing 5 6 The Marketing Profession atmosphere. Lastly, the technological issues that both our company and Costa face is the introduction of self-made home coffee by the use of coffee machines specifically tailored to make at home, for example, the Senseo coffee-machines. This can be seen as a threat to coffee shops as it is a cheaper alternative for customers in the long run. 5. Target market According to a Mintel report titled â€Å"Coffee Shops† published February 2012, â€Å"Two thirds of consumers buy coffee out of home, rising to three in four among 16-24-year-olds as core users†. Costa Coffee has the highest number of outlets within the UK totaled to 1,302 coffee shop chains as opposed to Starbucks who has 739 and Caffe Nero with 509 shops. It also claimed that â€Å"Costa has different store designs to suit different purposes such as ‘Metro’ which is aimed at the younger/urban consumers and ‘Evolution’ which is designed for more mature customers in provincial locations. It states its customer segments are ‘Recharge, Relax, Refuel’†. Therefore the target market for Costa Coffee ranges from a wide range of customers of different ages as it caters to many different needs. Students have been said to make up 30% of their target market, Professionals 45%, Families 10% and mature consumers 15% of the clientele. At BESO Coffee, our market we aim to target at is very wide as it ranges from teenagers to mature customers. We even target at families as we offer menus for younger children and parents. Our products are reasonably priced so it can be bought from people of many different income level groups, from working to upper class. 6. Marketing approaches Costa coffee have used many different marketing approaches and campaigns in order to succeed within the industry as it is important to continually update their marketing strategies. Costa has introduced campaigns such as ‘How Do You Like Yours’, which allowed customers to customize their coffee’s by for example adding espresso or syrup. This helps them differentiate themselves from competitors as it gives consumers more power and control over their purchase. Another campaign introduced by Costa was the arrival of Costa light in 2011, which offered low-calorie and healthier options to customers. This was an important step for Costa as there has been an increase in healthy eating trends, which can be seen in the figure below. Figure: Consumer demand for display of calorie content on restaurant menus, June 2010-December 2011 6 7 The Marketing Profession Other campaigns included the launch of Costa Coffee Gift Card in November 2011 which allowed customers to buy card with pre-paid amounts of up to ? 75 and a more recent campaign at the beginning of 2012 when Costa collaborated with the Spirit Pub Company which ensured that Costa coffee would be used in its restaurants chains including Chef & Brewer and Flaming grill. Costa has used many forms of media to advertise their campaigns to the public. One method used to inform customers was through the use of television advertising in 2008 whereby Costa launched its first ad. The advert helped to illustrate the â€Å"superiority of Costa’s products† and according Reynolds (2010) its message was that â€Å"the brand is on a mission to save the world from mediocre coffee and seven out of 10 coffee lovers prefer Costa†. Other forms of media used by Costa include Billboards as it can be seen by many commuters within the UK by their use of big bold writing and minimal distraction of the main message. Their billboards are distinctive as they have a continual theme colour, text and logo, which are recognised by customers. Our approach to our marketing campaign is to use alternative uses of media to portray our message, including the use of the Internet, as it is a popular form of media used in today’s society. We aim to use Facebook and Twitter to advertise our campaign and the company as a whole as it covers a large demographic. 7. Distribution strategy Costa operates in the UK through its own coffee shops, franchises and wholesale outlets. On the18th of October 2011, Whitbread stated that the number of Costa UK stores had risen from 1,217 in March 2011 to 1,302 in September 2011, including 95 openings and ten store closures. In comparison, Costa International increased its stores from 654 to 701 during the same period, including 72 openings and 25 closures. Meanwhile Costa Express/Coffee Nation units increased from 877 in March 2011 to 934 in September 2011, taking account of 79 openings and 22 closures. These units are partnered with service station operators such as Moto, Esso and Welcome Break, retailers like Tesco and The Co-Operative and foodservice group Compass (Mintel 2012). In a market with low loyalty levels, advertising and promotion is important in keeping brands in the forefront of consumers’ minds. Costa Coffee looked to sustain an emotional response among consumers with the marketing supporting its launch of Costa Light variant in autumn 2011 through an advertising campaign that used slogans such as ‘All the love, none of the handles’ and ‘Extra feel good in every cup’ (Mintel 2012) Customers were also encouraged to see the lighter side of life with its Costa Light Comedy Challenge competition. Costa’s aim was to showcase up-and-coming comedians by asking them to submit a one-minute film via its website. A public vote then saw the top ten entries from five regions go through to a further round to be judged during one-off events across the UK, with the campaign finally culminating in two regional winners performing at The Comedy Store, London (Mintel 2012). Costa Coffee’s distribution system is broad with a balanced portfolio across high streets, retail parks, concessions, airports, rail and other travel hubs as well as an increasing number of stores in new locations such as universities and hospitals. Innovative distribution channels, such as Costa Express and Drive Thru are developed. They will extend the brand’s reach and increase accessibility for the customer (Whitbread, 2010). 7 8 The Marketing Profession Andy Harrison, chief executive of Whitbread said that popping out for a coffee has become a â€Å"firm fixture† of peoples’ lives. â€Å"Coffee culture has grown massively over the last five to 10 years – people have a real demand for quality coffee and a choice of different coffees,† he said. â€Å"When I was kid everyone wanted a Nescafe – that has definitely changed. † (The Guardian 2011). 8. Pricing strategy Costa Coffee is a well-known, high valued and trusted cafeteria all over the world. They offer wide range of high qualitative coffee drinks and food, excellent services and relaxing atmosphere. Costa relies on their superiorities and offer comparatively higher prices because they have realized that the luxury comes with the price. Costa Coffee offers two sizes of drinks – medium and large and the price difference between them is not significant. In this way they encourage their customers to buy the bigger size, because the amount of the drink is bigger and is on almost the same price as the medium one. But even the medium size of cappuccino is served in a cup with the size of soup bowl, so Costa Coffee has a reason to charge a relatively higher price because of the value they give, even though in most cases customers do not need such a big amount of drink although they have to pay for it. In this way, Costa is able to sell cheaper coffee to regular customers, who are aware of the amount of the drink (with elastic demand) and sell more expensive coffee to infrequent visitors, therefore the cafeteria makes big profit from each cup of coffee. This is the corporate strategy and how Costa found a way to charge comparatively higher prices than most of their competitors. This strategy has some disadvantages and threats such as the present credit crunch, which might affect the sales and the budget of Costa Coffee as they target middle and upper middle class, therefore in the time of recession customers may prefer some of the cheaper competitors. 9. Pricing strategy that we will adopt – competition based pricing strategy One of the biggest advantages of the †Competition based pricing strategy† is that in the same time you are focused on your business and objectives and on the competition’s strategies. Once you understand what the competition is doing, you have the chance to do everything better and to gain a competitive advantage (Jobber 2008), therefore to increase the number of customers and to gain bigger market share. There are three types on competition based pricing methods: †¢ †¢ †¢ Price your product the same as the competitor Set your price to increase customer base Seek larger market share through price Compared to Costa Coffee we are fairly new to the market so it would be more appropriate for BESO to adopt the †Competition based pricing† as a strategy that will allow us to grow fast as competitive brand. In order to achieve biggest results we will match/mix the three competition-based pricing methods. BESO will offer similar products as/like the Costa’s products but on lower prices, therefore BESO’s market department must always be aware of what the competition is offering in order to provide better value for money. In this way BESO will has the opportunity to outline its advantages as comparing similar products as those of the competition but on lower prices (even pence). Once customers understand our priorities they will use to come to BESO as a place, which offers better value for money, 8 9 The Marketing Profession therefore we will increase our market share (Palmer and Hartley 2006). In terms of increasing customer base, the process is similar to market penetration, we have to select a price that will beat the competition and doing that we will motivate customer to notice our products and to make a purchase decision. Market penetration pricing works well in the introduction stage of the product life cycle and in a highly competitive market, as you increase the production some of your costs will decrease. During the next stages of the product life cycle the price can be increased (Jobber 2010). The easiest way to increase the market share of BESO is to select prices that will attract and hold as many customers as possible (depend on target). It is recommended to adopt the †Market – share pricing† after the business achieved market penetration, because they are linked as the market share happens when large volume of products are sold. So it is better if things happen step by step. And finally the market share is calculated by dividing the amount of each company sells out of the total market and in this way the market leader is determined. 9. 1. Disadvantages of †Competition based pricing† †¢ †¢ †¢ There is a danger to ignore your own production cost if you focus too closely on the competitors’ prices. It takes more time to research and update competitors’ information. Competitors also can copy whatever price you select. 10. Customer service Loyalty is particularly low in the coffee shop market, making customer retention a key area of improvement going forward (Mintel 2012). At the start of 2012 Costa Coffee launched the ‘Just How Do You Like Yours? ’ campaign. It aims to highlight the customizable elements of its products, a key differentiator to its lower-priced non-specialist competitors such as EAT and Pret A Manger. A clear pricing strategy was also included in order to appeal to consumer’s sense of value for money. For example, customers can now add an extra shot of espresso or sugar-free syrup shots to their drinks for 35p per unit. Also, in 2011 Costa Coffee launched gift cards (Mintel 2012). Although consumers state that convenient location is more important to them than the brand of coffee chain, operators can still capture consumers’ attention through qualities other than price. For example, two in three users think that quality is the most important decision-making factor when choosing where to buy hot drinks, whilst nearly half disagree that they usually choose the cheapest venue. However, with so many brands trading off of a quality positioning, operators have to ensure that they are differentiating themselves on additional levels, hence the trend towards lifestyle branding in the wider eating out market (Mintel 2012). Costa Coffee’s reputation for excellence applies not only for the exceptional coffee but also the insistence on perfect service. â€Å"Recruiting and retaining highly motivated and talented people is essential and great emphasis is placed on improving the skills, expertise and 9 10 The Marketing Profession performance of our people through award winning, industry-leading training and developing programs† (Mintel 2012). 11. Costa Coffee’s attitude towards environmental issues Consumers are extremely careful about environmental issues, trying to buy environmentally friendly food and drinks. Most of the customers feel that it is their duty to save the environment in order to live healthier. That is why most companies are under a lot of pressure to change their attitude towards the environment most often related to greener, packaging solutions, recycling and many others. Costa Coffee is the first UK coffee chain buying beans from Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ farms. From October last year, almost 100% of the coffee beans for Mocha Italia blend are from certified sustainable farms. Costa Coffee is also a member of UK Paper Cup Recycling Committee, their cups are made from sustainable sources and that’s saves about 1,100 trees a year. The ingredients from which the cups are made of are all from iconic recyclable material and are made using only certified sustainable pulp. Vegetable Costa Coffee is also concerned about its coffee-growers and in 2006 it registered a Costa Foundation, dealing with the improvement of the welfare of coffee-growing places like Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Uganda and Vietnam. Costa Coffee is also a partner with Cafechurch network, supporting local community. The organization deals with environmental issues, fair trade, divorce and stress problems and others. People are feeling well, being part of a great atmosphere, live music, good communication, and a lot of interviews, having the opportunity to understand more about the Costa Coffee Foundations. 12. The competitor’s CSR activity Costa Coffee is not achieving basic standard of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The coffee company does not give a specific data for the carbon footprint. Its environmental data is part of the environmental data of its parent company-Whitbread. 13. What is your attitude to CSR/environmental issues going to be? The aims that Costa Coffee manages to do are quite a lot. Some of the first ones are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Developing Costa Coffee’s energy & environmental strategy. Managing carbon reporting and ensuring compliance for CRC. Maintaining the ISO50001 system. Working with manufacturer’s waste contractors and NGO to improve takeaway cup recycling. 10 11 †¢ †¢ The Marketing Profession Developing Costa Good Together CR programme . By 2012/13 Costa Coffee aims to help 15, 000, providing them access to education. That target will help to bring together the communities, helping adults to find jobs and trades. The coffee chain aim is to raise ? 750,000 alone during 2012/13. Costa Coffee will try to dedicate Energy & Environment Manager in Costa Coffee. That will be useful, trying to insure more control and to organize the best structured plan for the company. Costa’s cardboard cups are not recyclable, even though the cardboard can be recycled. The other ingredient in the cardboard cups, the ink and the glue, cannot be recycled. The target environmental plan of Costa Coffee is to use vegetable ink and degradable glue on its cups. Costa Coffee is raising money to build schools in regions where a lot of coffee farms take place. There are already 22 schools in developing countries. That makes a big difference for a lot of young people who have the opportunity to study. Costa Foundation is also taking care for the supplement of special healthy nutritious meals and laptops for the children. †¢ †¢ †¢ 14. Conclusion Based on the researches and analysis that have been done BESO has a great potential to use Costa’s disadvantages and to convert them into our opportunities for prosperity. Offering similar products as those of Costa Coffee but on lower prices and in the same time launching our own products (BESO’s cupcakes) is a good strategy to gain a competitive advantage. Slight changes in the interior design of our cafeteria would be refreshing and a good way to attract new customers. Furthermore increasing our advertising activities would be an opportunity to remind our customers and in the same time to inform our new potential customers about BESO’s fantastic services and great value for money. 15. References Baker S. (2003), New Consumer Marketing, West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons Ltd Cooper D., Schindler P.(2011), Business Research Methods, New York, McGraw – Hill Education Economics Help (2008), Costa Coffee UK and Sales Techniques. Available at: http://econ. economicshelp. org/2008/08/costa-coffee-uk-and-sales-techniques. html [Accessed: 20th March 2012]. Government of Alberta (2012), Methods to Price Your Products. Available at: http://www1. agric. gov. ab. ca/$department/deptdocs. nsf/all/agdex1133#competition [Accessed: 20th March 2012] Jobber D. (2010), Principles and Practice of Marketing, London, McGraw – Hill Education 11 12. The Marketing Profession Kotler P. , Armstrong G. (2006), Principles of Marketing, The United States of America, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LinkedIn (2011), Costa Coffee Energy and Environment Manager at Whitbread. Available at: http://uk. linkedin. com/pub/ollie-rosevear/14/672/948 [Accessed: 20th March 2012] Mintel (2012), Brand Communication and Promotion. Available at: http://academic. mintel. com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=59 0036/display/id=611992#hit1 [Accessed: 20th March 2012] Mintel.